A CLEAN SWEEP

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Thomas Jefferson

      Patrick Henry

    Amendment III

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

 


FREE GRACE
-By John Wesley 1703-1791 

 
“He that spareth not his own Son, but delivered him up for us all, how shall he not with him also freely give us all things?”
·        HOW FREELY DOES GOD LOVE THE WORLD?
While we were yet dead sinners, “Christ died for the ungodly.” While we were ‘dead in sin,” God, “spared not His own Son, but delivered him up for us all.” And how free with Him does he “give us all things!” Verily, free grace is all in all!
·        The grace or love of God, whence cometh our salvation, is free in all, and free for all.
·        First: it is free in all to who, it is given
It does not depend on any power or merit in man; no, not in any degree, neither in whole, nor in part. It does not in any case depend either on the good works or righteousness of the receiver; not on any thing he has done, or anything he is. It does not depend on his endeavors. It does not on his good temper, or good desires, or good purposes and intentions; for all these flow from the grace of God; they are the streams only, not the fountain. They are the fruits of grace, and not the root. They are not the cause, but the effects of it. Whatsoever good is in man, or is done by man, God is the author and doer of it. Thus is His grace free in all; that is, no way depending on any power or merits in man, but in God alone, who freely gave us His own Son “with him freely giveth us all things.”
·        But is it free for all, as well as in all?
To this some have answered, “No: it is free for only those whom God hath ordained to life; and they are but a little flock. The greater part of mankind hath been ordained to death; and it is not free for them. Them God hateth; and therefore, before they were born, decreed they should die eternally. And this He absolutely decreed; because so was His good pleasure; because it was his sovereign will. Accordingly they are born for this, to be destroyed body and soul in Hell. And they grow up under the irrevocable curse of God, without any possibility of redemption; for what grace God gives, He gives only for this, to increase, not prevent, their damnation.”
·        This is that degree of predestination.
But methinks I hear one say, “This is not the predestination which I hold: I hold only, the election of grace. What I believe is no more than this that God, before the foundation of the world, did elect a certain number of men to be justified, sanctified, and glorified. Now all these will be saved, and none else: for the rest of mankind God leaves to themselves; so they follow the imaginations of their own hearts, which are only continually, and, waxing worse and worse, are at length justly punished with everlasting destruction.”
·        Is this all the predestination, which you hold?
Consider: perhaps this is not all.   Do not you believe, God ordained them to this very thing? If so, you believe the whole degree; you hold predestination in the full scene, which has been above described. But it may be, you think you do not. Do not you then believe, God hardens the hearts of them that perish> Do not you believe, He (literally) hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and that for this end he raised him up, or created Him? Why this amounts to just the same thing. If you believe Pharaoh, or any one man upon earth, was created for this end, to be damned, you hold all that has been said of predestination. And there is no need you should add, and God seconds His degree, which is supposed unchangeable and irresistible, by hardening the hearts of those vessels of wrath, whom that decree had before fitted for destruction.
·        Well; but it may be you do not believe even this.
You do not hold any degree of reprobation: you do not think God decrees any man to be damned, nor hardens, irresistibly fits him for damnation: you only say, that all being dead in sin, He would say to some of the dry bones, Live, and to others He would not; that, consequently, these should be made alive, and those abide in death, these should glorify God in their salvation, and those by their destruction.”
·        Is not this what you mean by the election of grace?
If it be, I would ask one or two questions: Are any who are not thus elected, saved? Or, were any, from the foundation of the world? Is it possible any man should be saved, unless he be thus elected? If you say, No; you are but where you was: you are not got one hair’s breath further: you still believe, that in consequence of an unchangeable, Irresistible degree of God, the greater part of mankind abide in death, without any possibility of redemption; inasmuch as none can saved but God, and He will not save them. You believe he hath absolutely decreed not to save them; and what is this, but decreeing to damn them? It is, in effect, neither more nor less: it comes to the same thing: for if you are dead, and altogether unable to make yourself alive; then, if God has absolutely decreed He will make only others alive, and not you, He hath absolutely decreed your everlasting death; you are absolutely consigned to damnation. So then, though you use softer words than some, you mean the self same thing; And God’s decree concerning the election of grace, according to your own account of it, amounts to neither more nor less than what others call, “God’s decree of reprobation.”
·        Call it therefore by whatever name you please, election, preterition, predestination, or reprobation, it comes in the end to the same thing.
The sense of all is plainly this: by virtue of an eternal, unchangeable, irresistible decree of God, one part of mankind are infallibly saved, and the rest infallibly damned; it being impossible that any of the former should be damned, or that any of the latter should be saved.
·        But if this be so, then is all preaching vain?
It is needless to them that are elected; for they, whether with preaching or without will infallibly be saved. Therefore the end of preaching, to save souls, is void with regard to them. And it is useless to them that are not elected, for they cannot possible be saved. They: whether with preaching or without will infallibly be damned. The end of preaching is therefore void with regard to them likewise, so that in either case, our preaching is vain, as your hearing is also vain.
·        This, then, is a plain proof that the doctrine of predestination is not a doctrine of God, because it makes void the ordinance of God:
And God is not divided against himself. A second is, that it directly tends to destroy that holiness, which is the end of all the ordinances of God. I do not say, none who hold it are holy; (for God is of tender mercy to those who are unavoidably entangled in errors of any kind;) but that the doctrine itself: that every man is either elected or not elected from eternity, and that the one must inevitable be saved, and the other inevitably damned, has a manifested tendency to destroy holiness in general. For it wholly takes away those first motives to follow after it, so frequently proposed in Scripture, the hope of future reward and fear of punishment, the hope of Heaven and fear of Hell. That these shall go away into everlasting punishment, and those into life eternal, is no motive to him to struggle for life, who believes his lot is cast already: It is not reasonable for him so to do, if he thinks he is unalterably adjudged either to life or death. You will say, “But he knows not whether it is life or death.” What then? This helps not the matter: for if a sick man knows that he must avoidably die, or unavoidably recover, though he knows not which, it is unreasonable for him to take any physic at all. He might just say, (and so I have heard him speak, both in bodily and in spiritual,) “If I am ordained to life, I shall live; if to death, I shall die: so I need not trouble myself about it.” So directly does this doctrine tend to shut the very gate of holiness in general, to hinder unholy men from ever approaching thereto, or striving to enter in thereat.
·        As directly does this doctrine tend to destroy several particular branches of holiness.
Such as meekness and love; love, I mean, of our enemies; of the evil and unthankful. I say not, that none who hold it have meekness and love; (for as is the power of God, so is his mercy;) but that it naturally tends to inspire, or increase, a sharpness or eagerness of temper, which is quite contrary to the meekness of Christ; as then especially appears, when they are opposed on this head. And it as naturally inspires contempt or coldness towards those whom we suppose outcast from God. “Oh but,” you say, “I suppose no particular man a reprobate.” You mean, you would not if you could help it. But you cannot help sometimes applying your general doctrine to particular persons: the enemy of souls will apply it for you. You know how often he has done so. But you reject the thought with abhorrence. True: so as soon as you could: but how did it sour and sharpen your spirit in the mean time? You well know it was not the spirit of love, which you then felt towards that poor sinner, who, you supposed or suspected, whether you would or no, to have been hated of God from eternity.
·        Thirdly, This doctrine tends to destroy the comfort of religion, the happiness of Christianity.
This is evident as to all those who believe themselves to be reprobated; or who only suspect or fear it. All the great precious promises are lost to them; they afford them no ray of comfort: for they are not the elect of God; therefore they have neither lot nor portion in them. This is an effectual bar to their finding any comfort or happiness, even in that religion whose ways are designed to be “ways of pleasantness, and all her paths peace.”
·        And as to you who believe yourselves to be the elect of God, what is your happiness?
I hope not a notion; a speculative belief; a bare opinion of any kind; but a felling possession of God in your heart, wrought in you by the Holy Spirit, or the witness of God’s Spirit with your spirit that you are a child of God. This, otherwise termed “the full assurance of faith,” is the true ground of Christian happiness. And it does indeed imply a full assurance that all past sins are forgiven, and that you are now a child of God. But it does not necessarily imply a full assurance of our future perseverance. I do not say this is never joined to it, but that it is necessarily implied therein; for many have one, who have not the other.
·        Now this witness of the Spirit.
Experience shows to be much obstructed by this doctrine; and not only in those who, believing themselves reprobated, by this belief thrust it far from them, but even in them that have tasted of that good gift, who yet have soon lost it again, and fallen back into doubts, fears, and darkness, horrible darkness, that might be felt! And I appeal to any of you that hold this doctrine, to say, between God and your own hearts, whether you have not often a return doubts and fears concerning your election or perseverance? If you ask, who was not? I answer, very few of those that hold this doctrine, but many, very many of those that hold it not, in all parts of the earth, many of those who know and feel they are in Christ today, and “take no thought for the tomorrow,” who “abide in him” by faith from hour to hour, or rather from moment to moment, many of these have enjoyed the uninterrupted witness of the Spirit, the continual light of His countenances, from the moment wherein they first believed, for many months or years, to this day.
·        That assurance of faith, which these enjoy, excludes all doubt and fear.
It excludes all kinds of doubt and fear concerning their future perseverance; though it is not properly, as was said before, an assurance of what is future, but only of what now is. And this needs not for its support a speculative belief that whoever is ordained to life must live; for it is wrought, from hour to hour, by the mighty power of God, “by the Holy Spirit which is given them.” And therefore that doctrine is not of God, because it tends to obstruct, if not destroy, this great work of the Holy Spirit, whence flows the chief comfort of religion, the happiness of Christianity.
·        Again, how uncomfortable a thought is this, that thousands and millions of men, without any preceding offence or faults of theirs, were unchangeable doomed to everlasting burnings!
How peculiarly uncomfortable must it be to those who have put on Christ! To those who, being filled with the bowels of mercy, tenderness, and compassion, could even “wish themselves accursed for their brethren’s sake!
·        Fourthly: This uncomfortable doctrine directly tends to destroy our zeal for good works.
  And this it does, first, as it naturally tends, according to what was observed before, to destroy our love to the greater part of mankind, namely, the evil and unthankful. For whatever lessens our love, must so far lessen our desire to do them good. This it does, secondly, as it cuts off one of the strongest motives to all acts of bodily mercy, such as feeding the hungry, clothing the naked, and the like; viz. the hope of saving their souls from death. For what avails it to relieve their temporal wants, who are just dropping into eternal life? “Well: but run and snatch them as brands out of the fire.” Nay, this you suppose impossible. They were appointed thereunto, you say, from eternity, before they had done either good or evil. You believe it is the will of God they should die. And “who hath resisted his will?” But you say, you do not know whether these are elected or not. What then? If you know they are the one or the other, that they are either elected, or not elected, all your labor is void and vain. In either case, your advice, reproof, or exhortation, is as needless and useless as our preaching. It is needless to them that are elected; for they will infallibly be saved without it. It is useless to them that are not elected; for with or without it they will infallibly be damned: therefore you cannot, consistently with your principles, take any pains about their salvation. Consequently those principles directly tend to destroy your zeal for good works; for all good works; but, but particularly for the greatest of all, the savings of souls from death.
·        But, fifthly, this doctrine not only tends to destroy Christian holiness, happiness, and good works, but hath also a direct and manifest tendency to overthrow the whole Christian revelation.
The point, which the wisest of the modern unbelievers most industriously labor to prove, is that the Christian revelation is not necessary. They well know, could they once show this, the conclusion would be too plain to be denied, “If it be not necessary, it is not true.” Now this fundamental point you give up. For supposing that eternal, unchangeable decree, once part of mankind must be saved though the Christian revelation were not in being, and the other part of mankind must be damned, notwithstanding that revelation. And what would an infidel desire more? You allow him all he asks. In making the Gospel unnecessary to all sorts of men, you give up the whole Christian cause. “Oh tell it not in Gath! Publish it not in the streets of Askelon! Lest the daughters of the uncircumcised rejoice;” lest the sons of unbelief triumph!
·        And as this doctrine manifestly and directly tends to overthrow the whole Christian revelation, so it does the same thing, by plain consequence, in making that revelation contradict itself.
For it is grounded on such an interpretation of some text, more or fewer it matters not, as flatly contradicts all the other texts, and indeed the whole scope and tenor of Scripture. For instance: the assertors of this doctrine interpret that text of Scripture, “Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated,” as implying, that God in a literal sense hate Esau, and all the reprobated from eternity. Now what can possibly be a more flat contradiction than this, not only do the whole scope and tenor of Scripture, but also to all those particular texts, which expressly declare, “God is love? Again: they infer from that text, “ I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy,” RO.9: 15, that God is love only to some men, viz, the elect, and that He hath mercy for those only; flatly contrary to which is the whole tenor of Scripture, as is that expressed declaration in particular, “The Lord is loving unto every man, and his mercy is over all his works,” PS.145: 9. Again: they infer from that and the like text, “It is not him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but God that showeth mercy,” that he showeth mercy only to those to whom He had respect from all eternity. Nay, but who replieth against God now? You now contradict the whole oracles of God, which declare throughout, “God is no respecter of persons” AC.10: 34. “There is no respect of persons with him” RO.2: 11. Again: from the text, “The children not being yet born, neither having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calleth; it was said unto her, the elder shall serve the younger;” you infer, that our being predestinated, or elect, no way depends on the foreknowledge of God: flatly contrary to this are all the Scriptures; and those in particular, “Elect according to the foreknowledge of God” 1 PE.1: 2; “Whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate” RO.8:29.
·        And, “the same Lord over all is rich in mercy to all that call upon him” RO.10: 12: But you say, no; He is such only to those for whom Christ died.
And those are not all, but only a few, whom God hath chosen out of the world; for He died not for all, but for those who were “chosen in him before the foundation of the world” EP.1: 4. Flatly contrary to your interpretation of these Scripture, also, is the whole tenor of the New Testament; as are in particular those texts; “Destroy not him with thy meat, for whom Christ died” RO.14: 15. A clear proof that Christ died, not only for those that are saved, but also for them that perish; he is “The Saviour of the world” JN.4: 42; He is “The Lamb of God that taketh away the sins of the world” JN.1:29. “He is the propitiation, not for our sins only, but also for the sins of the whole world” 1 JN.2: 2. “He (the living God) is the Saviour of all men” 1 TIM.4: 10; “He gave himself a ransom for all” 1 TIM.2:6; “He tasted death for every man” HE.2:9.
·        If you ask. Why then are not all men saved?
The whole law and the testimony answer, first, not because of any decree of God; not because it is His pleasure they should die; for, “as I live, saith the Lord God,” “I have no pleasure in the death of him that dieth” EZ.18: 32. Whatever be the cause of their perishing, it cannot be His will if the oracles of God are true; for they declare, “He is not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance” 2 PE.3: 9 “He willeth that all men should be saved.” And they, secondly, declare what is the cause why all men are not saved, namely, that they will not be saved: so our Lord expressly; “Ye will not come unto me that ye, may have life” JN.5: 40. “The power of the Lord is present to heal” them, but they will not be healed. “They reject the counsel of God “against themselves,” as did their stiff necked fathers. And therefore are they without excuse; because God would save them, but they will not be saved: this is the condemnation, “How often would I have gathered you together, and ye would not” MT.23: 37.
·        Thus manifestly does this doctrine tend to overthrow the Christian revelation, by making it contradict itself.
By giving such an interpretation of some text, as flatly contradicts all the other texts, and indeed the whole scope and tenor of Scripture; an abundant proof that it is not of God. But neither is this all: for, seventhly, it is a doctrine full of blasphemy; of such blasphemy as I should dread to mention, but that the honor of our gracious God, and the cause of His truth, will not suffer to be silent. In the cause of God, then, and from a sincere concern for the glory of His great name, I will mention a few of the horrible blasphemes, contained in this horrible doctrine. But first, I must warn every one of you that hears, as ye will answer it at the great day, not to charge, as some have done, with blaspheming, because I mention the blasphemy of others. And the more you are grieved with them that do this blaspheme, see that ye, “confirm your love towards them, the more, and that your hearts’ desire, and continual prayer to God, be, “Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do.”
·        This premised, let it be observed, that this doctrine represents our blessed Lord, “Jesus Christ, the righteous,” “the only begotten Son of the Father, full of grace and truth,” as a hypocrite, a deceiver of the people, a man void of common sincerity.
For it cannot be denied, that He everywhere speaks as if He was willing that all men should be saved. Therefore, to say that He was not willing that all men should be saved, is to represent him as a mere hypocrite and dissembler. It cannot be denied that the gracious words that came out of His mouth are full of invitations to all sinners. To say then, He did not intend to save all sinners, is to represent Him as a gross deceiver of the people. You cannot deny that he says, “Come unto me, all ye that are weary and heavy laden.” If, then, you say He calls those that cannot come; those whom he knows to be unable to come; those whom he can make able to come, but will not; how is it possible to describe greater insincerity? You represent him as mocking his helpless creatures, but offering what He never intends to give. You describe His as saying one thing, and meaning another; as pretending the love, which He had not. Him, in “whose mouth was no guile,” you make full of deceit, void of common sincerity; then especially, when drawing nigh the city, He wept over it, and said, “Oh Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the prophets, and stonest them that are sent unto thee, how often would I have gathered thy children together, and ye would not;” Now if you say, would, but He would not, you represent Him, which who could hear? As weeping crocodile tears; weeping over the prey, which Himself had doomed to destruction!
·        Such blasphemy this, as one would think might make the ears of a Christian to tingle!
  But there is yet more behind; for just as it honors the Son, so doth this doctrine honor the Father. It destroys all His attributes at once: it over turns His justice, His mercy, and truth: yea, it represents the most holy God as worse than the devil, as more false, crueler, and more unjust. More false; because the devil, liar as he is, hath never said, “He willeth all men to be saved:” more unjust; because the devil cannot, if he would, be guilty of such injustice as you ascribe to God, when you say, that God condemned millions of souls to everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels, for continuing in sin, which, for want of that grace he will not give them, they cannot avoid: and more cruel; because that unhappy spirit “seeketh rest and findeth none;” so that his own restless misery is a kind of temptation to him to tempt others. But God resteth in His high and holy place; so that to suppose Him, of His own mere wisdom, of His pure will and pleasure, happy as he is, to doom His creatures, whether they will or no, to endless misery, is to impute such cruelty to Him, as we cannot impute even to the great enemy of God and man. It is to represent the Most High God, he that hath ears to hear, let him hear, as more cruel, false, and unjust than the devil!
·        This is the blasphemy clearly contained in the horrible decree of predestination! And here I fix my foot.
On this I join issue with every asserter of it. You represent God as worse than the devil; more false, more cruel, more unjust. But you say, you will prove it by Scripture HOLD! What will you prove by Scripture? That God is worse than the devil? It cannot be. Whatever that Scripture proves, it never can prove this; whatever it’s true meaning be, this cannot be its true meaning. Do you ask, what is its true meaning then? If I say, I know not, you have gained nothing; for there are many Scriptures, the true sense whereof neither you nor I shall know, till death is swallowed up in victory. But this I know, better it were to say it had no sense at all, than to say it had such sense as this. It cannot mean, whatever it means besides, that the God of truth is a liar. Let it mean what it will, it cannot mean that the judge of the entire world is unjust. No Scripture can mean that God is not love, or that His mercy is not over all His works: that is, whatever it proves besides, no Scripture can prove predestination.
·        This is the blasphemy for which, however I love the persons who assert it, I abhor the doctrine of predestination.
A doctrine, upon the supposition of which, if one could possibly suppose it for a moment, call it election, reprobation, or what you please, for all comes to the same thing, one might say to our adversary the devil, ‘Thou fool, why dost thou roar about any longer? Thy lying in wait for souls is as needless and useless as our preaching. Hearest thou not, that God hath taken thy work out of thy hands; and that He doth it much more effectually? Thou, with all thy principalities and powers, canst only assault that we may resist thee; but He can irresistibly destroy both body and soul in Hell! Thou canst only entice; BUT His unchangeable decree, to leave thousands of souls in death, compels them to continue in sin, till they drop into everlasting burnings. Thou temptest; he forceth us to be damned: for we cannot resist His will. Thou fool, why goest thou about any longer, seeking whom thou mayest devour? Hearest thou not that God is the devouring lion, the destroyer of souls, the murderer of men? Moloch caused only children to pass through the fire, and that fire was soon quenched; or, the corruptible body being consumed, its torment was at an end: but God, thou art told, by His eternal decree, fixed before they had done good or evil, causes not only children of a span long, but the parents also to pass through the fire of Hell, the ‘fire, which never shall be quenched:’ and the body, which is cast thereinto, being incorruptible and immortal, will be ever consuming and never consumed, but ‘the smoke of their torment,’ because it is God’s good pleasure, ‘ascendeth up for ever and ever.’”
·        Oh how would the enemy of God and man rejoice to hear these things so!
How would he cry aloud and spare not! How would he lift up his voice and spare not, “To your tents, oh Israel! Flee from the face of God, or ye shall utterly perish! But whither will ye flee? He is there. Down to Hell. He is there also. Ye cannot flee from an omnipresent, almighty tyrant. And whether ye flee or stay, I call Heaven His throne, and earth His footstool, to witness against you, ye shall perish, ye shall die eternally, Sing, oh Hell, and rejoice, ye that are under the earth! For God, even the almighty God, hath spoken, and devoted to death thousands of souls, from the rising of the sun, unto the going down thereof! Here, oh death is thy sting! There shall not, cannot escape, for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. Here, oh grave, is thy victory! Nations yet unborn, or ever they have done good or evil, are doomed never to see the light of life, but thou shalt gnaw upon them for ever and ever: Let all those morning stars sing together, who fell with Lucifer, son of the morning! Let all the sons of Hell shout for joy! For the decree is past, and who can disannul it?
·        Yea, the decree is past: and so it was before the foundation of the world. But what decree?
Even this; “I will set before the sons of men, ‘life and death, blessing and cursing.’ And the soul that chooseth life shall live, as the soul that chooseth death shall die.” This decree, whereby “whom God did foreknow, He did predestinate,” was indeed from everlasting to everlasting: this, whereby all who suffer Christ to make them alive are “elect, according to the foreknowledge of God,” now standeth fast, even as the moon, and as the faithful witnesses in Heaven; and when Heaven and earth shall pass away, yet this shall not pass away, for it is as unchangeable and eternal, as is the being of God that gave it. This decree yields the strongest encouragement to abound in all good works, and in all holiness; and it is wellspring of joy, of happiness also, to our great and endless comfort. This is worthy of God: it is every way consistent with all the perfections of His nature. It gives us the noblest view both of His justice, mercy, and truth. To this agrees the whole scope of the Christian revelation, as well as all the parts thereof. To this Moses and all the prophets bare witness, and our blessed Lord and all His apostles. Thus Moses, in the name of his Lord, “I call heaven and earth to record against you this day, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing; therefore choose life, that thou and thy seed may live free.” Thus Ezekiel: (to cite one prophet for all:) “The soul that sinneth, it shall die; the son shall not bear, eternally, the iniquity of the father. The righteousness of the righteous shall be upon him, and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon him,” chapter 18:20. Thus our blessed Lord: “If any man thirst, let him come unto me and drink,” JN.7: 37. Thus His great apostle, Paul, AC.17: 30, “God commandeth all men everywhere to repent;”-“all men, everywhere;” every man in every place, without any exception, either of place or person. Thus James: ”If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, who giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not, and it shall be given him” JA.1:5. Thus Peter 2 PE.3:9, “The Lord is not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance. ”Thus John: “If any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father: and he is the propitiation for our sins, and not for ours only, but for the sins of the whole world” 1 JN.2: 1,2.
·        Oh hear ye this, ye that forget God!
  Ye cannot charge your death upon Him! “Have I any pleasure at all, that the wicked should die, saith the Lord God? EZ.18: 23, &c. Repent, and turn from all your transgressions” so iniquity shall not be your ruin. Cast away from all your transgressions whereby ye have transgressed, for why will ye die, oh house of Israel? For I have no pleasure in the death of him that dieth, saith the Lord God. Wherefore turn yourselves, and live ye.” “As I live, saith the Lord God, I have no pleasure in the death of the wicked. Turn ye, turn ye, from your evil way; for why will ye die, oh house of Israel? EZ.33: 11.